Low force pack also sold separately (700899). Quality Assurance Engineers utilize load cells to verify that the forces applied meet the process' specifications. Please consult a qualified manufacturing engineer for recommendations concerning your specific requirements. 40381) Find useful Tonnage Calculator Tools to calculate press brake tonnage, metal punching tonnage and steel bend allowance calculator tools. What is the force required to accelerate an object with a mass of 20 kg from stationary to 3 m/s 2?. It is basically a much more refined version of the Lee Classic Loader seater, equipped with a micrometer adjustment. No arbor press; No deformation of work piece or damage to the clamping surface; No loose components; No axial movement while clamping Reduces cost in every aspect; Reduces cost in every aspect; Flexibility of design and application Arbor presses are hand-operated tools that apply high-pressure force to objects through a levered ram. An arbor press performs most of the tasks that a drill press is designed for. Thread starter Goes_Bang; Start date Oct 10 , 2020; Goes_Bang. 2. | Privacy Policy, Maintenance Practices for Presses: Part 2, Maintenance Practices for Presses: Part 1, Coated Cold Saw Blades and What They Mean to Dedicated Cutting, 4 Types of Hydraulic Presses and Why You Need Them, Maintenance for a Bandsaw That Will Make the Blade and Machine Last Longer, Planning Your First Workshop? To do this use the force pack and a standard .001" dial indicator to read force in 1lb increment (.001"=1lb). Next arbor press in our list is Dake 00 Model single leverage arbor press. You can do that through establishing the cylinder’s working area. This includes at least the following: 1. The machine is roughly c shaped with a base and a moving rack which applies the force. Manual hydraulic presses are slow but safe to use and generate tremondous forces in a small relatively inexpensive machine. The rack is moved by a pinion which is operated by a lever. I've never used an arbor before, and I had a question about seating pressure consistency I was hoping someone could clue me in on. For your design to be complete you need to fully design the arbor press with all geometry and stress defined. 0-100 lbs. Hole, (4) Adjustable Nylon Gibs, 8 in. It delivers 2 tons of continuous force and features a slotted table plate. Press-It is a sensitive arbor/punch press that is small enough to give you the delicate touch needed for working with fine model, instrument and clock parts, yet sturdy enough to apply 250 lbs. It is typically used to perform smaller jobs, such as staking, ... Arbor presses are usually rated by the ideal force that the leverage bar can apply. The action of the compound is shown in Fig.2 and Fig. with all the air purged you can expect a fairly accurate gauge reading which can be then converted to "tonnage". Their long travel also makes them useful for broaching keyways. 7 ton, Hand-operated Arbor Press that delivers 7 tons of force, and has an elevating knee that can be adjusted to provide up to 31" of daylight. An arbor press is a small hand-operated press. The “Force Pack” is an add-on for the K&M arbor press that enables the use of a dial indicator to monitor bullet seating force, and it comes in two varieties, “standard” and “low force”. As a professional manufacturer, we will tell you how much force does a hydraulic press exert and how important it is. 2. To calculate the force of a cylinder pushing on an object you need to evaluate two main components. Arbor Press: Arbor presses are handy tools for what they were designed for (light duty pressing). This includes at least the following: 1. They can be used for cold punching, bending, forming and coining. Up to 1/2, Max. Single Lever Arbor Presses; Ratchet Lever Arbor Presses The original use was to install and remove arbors, but now they are used for many other applications. To calculate maximum torque which can be transmitted without slip can be found using following formula T = F . If you want to calculate the force you will need to multiply the kgf/cm2 value (which is a pressure) by the cross sectional area of the hydraulic ram/cylinder in square centimeters. Toggle navigation . Quality Assurance Engineers utilize load cells to verify that the forces applied meet the process' specifications. I have a 21st hydro and regular, k&m with force and without, sinclair and a couple that i made myself. This video shows the mechanical advantage of using a lever. A press is a device for applying a large force to some object or set of objects. Arbor Press Parts. I use the original k&m i bought 25yrs ago more than any. It is a 1-ton arbor press made of the grey cast iron with 1 square inch ram. I have the Wilson inline seater for 6PPC which I used with the K&M Arbor press (I don't have any force measurement). Problem #1: The figure below shows an arbor press. 0 to 10000, Swing (In.) * Electrical actuation and valve shift time varies depending on the type of hydraulic circuit. The base is usually constructed of cast metal. In figure 3 the short sliding pin is withdrawn and the long sliding pin is engaged with the slot in the lever weight. The ratio by which the force is multiplied is the distance from the end of the handle to the center line of the long sliding pin divided by the distance between the long sliding pin and lever weight pin. As the pressure is very high, you can get various tasks done with it, such as installation, removal, pressing, etc. PDF Manual (461.55 KB) PDF Parts List (251.15 KB) An arbor press is a usually unpowered machine that uses mechanical advantage to apply force. This gives us an answer of 1,000 inch pounds of torque. Arbor Press, Force in Tons 5, Force Range (Lbs.) Arbor Press: Arbor presses are handy tools for what they were designed for (light duty pressing). Use for press-fitting small parts together and for removing gears and wheels from axles. Consistency. Add an optional pedestal to make this machine a favorite in your shop. Use of a dead blow hammer is also suggested. No blows should be directed to the bearing itself. Whether you are repairing jewelry that needs up to 500lb. The interference fit between the two diameters is .006". They have an adjustable-length arm to modify leverage. I’ll use 1” to keep the math simple. Consistency. The interference fit can be sub-classified as follows : Shrink Fit or Heavy Force Fit. The most heavy duty arbor press in our single leverage line, this 3 ton press features a slotted table plate and base opening. For strength and durability, all frames are cast iron and incorporate a flanged spine design which adds rigidity to the press body. Part … Cast-iron construction for superior strength and durability. 3/4 x 3/4 x 6, Zinc Casting, Reversible Ram, Reamed 1/4 in. Fits and tolerance calculator for shaft and hole according to ISO 286-1 and ANSI B4.2 metric standards . The Force Gauge We'll be Making, Being Used with a Modified Arbor Press There are two main reasons for using a force gauge on any kind of press when we are making fireworks: So that the firework will actually work properly. Their primary use was for pressing tapered or exansion arbors into work to be machined on a lathe. Force Calculation Model numbers are set up to give the user an indication of the force that can be obtained from the press. The ratio by which the force is multiplied is the distance from the end of the handle to the center line of the long sliding pin divided by the distance between the long sliding pin and lever weight pin. Except for the bending chart, you can also use the bending force formula to calculate the required bending force by yourself. Greenard Arbor Press #4 Adjustable Knee. Typical forces are in the range of one to fifty tons. #1 Formula. So that we can make the same kind of firework, and have it function consistently every time. Likes Asymptotic. 3-3/16, Ram Dimensions (In.) First we find the length of the radius, the circumference of the circle of travel, and the amount of travel of the press. pmax . One half second is a reasonable average figure. You will need to select the material and justify your decision. Rather, a sleeve should contact the bearing and blows be directed against the end of that sleeve. We use cookies to personalize content and analyze traffic. to 4,950 lbs. It works well. The standard force pack (pictured above, left-hand side) is used with a .001″ resolution dial indicator. Press-fit technology from TE Connectivity (TE) was first introduced in the telecommunication industry in the 1970s. 2" x 3.14 x 3" x .006" x (240/2) = 13.56 tons, For noncircular holes, instead of the diameter, use 1/3 of the total length of cut. Fixed base-plate presses have a flat surface for attaching dies, press-in assemblies, and printed circuit boards. Hydraulic cylinder inner section area = π*D 2 /4 = 3.14 × D 2 ÷ 4. Delivers 2 tons of continuous force. And that is safety. The force applied on the fluid by the slave cylinder results in a large force, which is experienced by the master cylinder. For your design to be complete you need to fully design the arbor press with all geometry and stress defined. Janesville Tool & Manufacturing specializes in superior quality tools for highly customized production tasks. RE: Arbor Press force measurement... bobc (Mechanical) 22 Nov 05 13:57 on larger applications, we sometimes use a hydraulic jack with the plunger extended and a suitable pressure gauge in the fluid entry port. Since you will use the pressure and the area of the ram piston to calculate the applied force, you will need a pressure gauge which enables you to configure a custom pressure unit. Manual hydraulic presses are slow but safe to use and generate tremondous forces in a small relatively inexpensive machine. An interference fit, also known as a press fit or friction fit, is a fastening between two parts which is achieved by friction after the parts are pushed together, rather than by any other means of fastening. It’s actually slightly less. Arbor presses can be mounted on a work bench, wall, or pedestal. You will need to select the material and justify your decision. 60 ÷ 2.199 = 27 cycles per minute. Hydro Arbor Press Bullet Seating Pressure Consistency. Part III of this series will discuss production methods and presses. 21 1/2 in, Depth (In.) i believe these are also commercially available. An interference press fit is the preferred method of installation for sleeve bearings due to its simplicity and effectiveness. Navigation. In Fig. F = m * a. F = 20 kg * 3 m/s 2. Arbor presses are used to perform press fit and riveting processes. An important thing to note: the Dake  1-1/2, 1-1/2B, 1-1/2C, 1-3/4, 3A, and 4M presses, even though they have lever weights and ratchets, they are still single leverage presses. In the above diagram, FUTEK's LLB Series Load Button has been positioned underneath the arbor press ram. Earlier this year, an automotive supplier told Joseph that the company was being leaned on by its customer about low-volume assembly work it was doing on an arbor press: the customer wanted data about the performance of the operation. Dake offers a complete line of industrial strength machine tools; hydraulic presses, arbor presses, drill presses, cold saws, bandsaws, and lab presses. So I did exactly that. Part III discusses several production methods used to make stamped parts. The compound then multiplies the force applied to it and by means of the pawl transfers it to the spindle and then to the ram. Arbor Press, Force in Tons 1/4, Force Range (Lbs.) 3. It refers to the maximum negative allowance. Not for use with standard threaded dies. With the pull of a lever, these presses deliver force for staking, riveting, and removing bearings and arbors. The last three numbers of the model number, when divided by 10 and multiplied by the air pressure will yield the output force of the press. Hydraulic Presses - Fast, Reliable, Productive, and Flexible. Use this engineering calculator to determine engineering and design parameters for cylindrical press fit applications. The ratchet allows the handle to be used in the most convenient position for operator comfort and safety. 10 in, Table Work Surface (In.) However, for heavy press fits of permanent assemblies they are generally way under rated, ESPECIALY for dissasembly work where fits … Sep 5, 2019 #3 JBA. Oct 10, 2020 #1 So I've just started using my new 21st century hydro arbor press and inline seating dies. Resetting the initial position of the ram and then setting up an unknown force. In the above diagram, FUTEK's LLB Series Load Button has been positioned underneath the arbor press ram. Throat depth from 2.56" to 7.87" Working height from 2.36" to 23.62" Efficient manufacturing requires appropriate means of production - not always automation.In particular, with small production runs, manual presses are often the most cost effective solutions. in., determine the magnitude of P and the values of f ?and ?. Example: a hydraulic press with a 600 IPM rapid advance, 60 IPM pressing speed, and 600 IPM rapid return. The lever weight counterbalances the handle. We have been manufacturing our line of arbor presses since the 1940’s and are proud to say that you will find one of these machines in just about every job shop in the USA. Example: A rectangular hole 4" x 6" in .250" stock: (4" + 6" + 4" + 6"/3) x .250" x 80 = 133.3 tons. There is sometimes a third reason, as well. The last three numbers of the model number, when divided by 10 and multiplied by the air pressure will yield the output force of the press. 26 in, Ram Dimensions (In.) 385-271-6718 4106 S. Commerce Dr, Murray, UT 84107. 2 x 2 x 23, Height (In.) This leverage is achieved when a force is applied to the lever arm or wheel. (0.5+1)=1.8μm and δeff=δm-dδ where δeff=effective value of diametrical interference, δm=measured value of diametrical interference and dδ=correction for surface roughness. There is a dual-direction adjustable handle with a 25:1 ratio, which operates the ram. The equation for hydraulic press tonnage calculation formula: Pushing force of hydraulic cylinder = Hydraulic cylinder inner section area (or the piston sectional area) × working pressure . The work requires a 3" advance, 1" work stroke, and 4" rapid return. Work Height (In.) Editor's Note: Part I provides an introduction to stamping. Common applications for an arbor press include installing and removing components such as arbors, bearings, rivets, or compressing an item. These formulae are intended as guidelines only. Shipping weight 1200 lbs +/-(Inv. Part II covers various forming operations. The sinclair adjusts height easy as does the 21st. The first thing to remember about arbor presses is that fundamentally, they are a mechanism for converting a small force into a much larger force due to the mechanical advantages obtained by levers and gears. Janesville Tool & Manufacturing offers a FREE application test and unbeatable manufacturer direct pricing + 24 hour shipping availability. 2 the short sliding pin is engaged in the lever weight making the lever weight and compound act as a single unit. Arbor presses are used to perform press fit and riveting processes. We build custom precision pneumatic punch, bench, hand, heated & power presses for your production line - with unbeatable shipping rates & turnaround time. Work Area (In.) SCHMIDT ® Manual Press Hand Presses for Small Production Runs : From 360 lbs. Force Calculation. So that we can make the same kind of firework, and have it function consistently every time. They can be used for cold punching, bending, forming and coining. Based on steel shaft and cast iron bushing (with OD/ID > 2). “You have to let metal flow at its own rate,” Nausley explains. For calculating minimum force to engage or disengage these parts we can use the following formula F = μ . The main parts consist of frame, rack, pinion, and handle which are described as follows: An example of the single leverage arbor press is shown in figure 1. Arbor Presses. Common applications for an arbor press include installing and removing components such as arbors, bearings, rivets, or compressing an item. d/2 The leverage is the ratio of the distance from the end of the handle to the center of the spindle divided by the pitch radius of the spindle pinion, or: 16"/1/2” = 32:1. When I first got my K&M arbor press, I thought that if seating force really does make a difference, then I should be able to load five rounds and the ones that seat with the most force will have the highest pressure and therefore the highest MV. Work Area (In.) Force Calculation. The Force Gauge We'll be Making, Being Used with a Modified Arbor Press There are two main reasons for using a force gauge on any kind of press when we are making fireworks: So that the firework will actually work properly. There is no good way to calculate the cutting force of rubber, so you need to either run a test or get values from existing machines. Typically common are presses with a leverage of 1–5 tons. In many cases the objects are metallic. A Where μ is the friction between hub and shaft, A is the area of contact between shaft and hub. 11 5/8 in, Range of Slot Widths (In.) 500, Swing (In.) Next arbor press in our list is Dake 00 Model single leverage arbor press. With the help of these press plates, the material to be worked on is either punched or crushed into sheets. A dial indicator mounting block is added to the top of the ram. 29 in, Base Size (In.) We manufacture 17 different standard single leverage, ratchet leverage, and compound leverage arbor presses. The tolerances defined in ISO 286-1 are applicable to size range from 0 mm to 3150 mm but there are exceptional cases defined in the standard which depend on tolerance selection. The principle of the arbor press can be more easily understood by describing the functions of the component parts. Here's How to Get Started. To do so follow the formula below: The force measuring model measures force by indicating the deflection of a spring pack assembly where one pound of force is equivalent to 0.001" as noted on the dial indicator. Today we all have heard of the theory of relativity, conspiracy theory, the Big Bang theory, etc. First, you need to find out what the system pressure (PSI) is and also you’ll need to compute the piston’s (or bore’s) diameter. FoR SaLe 2 Ton Arbor Press Take on heavy duty production and assembly work with this cast-iron arbor press. Work Height (In.) Home; Machine Tools . The 30lb force we put on the end of the handle was then calculated in the unknown force command to show how much force is being put between the ram and the plate. The schematic representation of the fit is also drawn. When you order your arbor press, you want assurance that any spare part you need will be available. Divide this answer by 12 to convert it to Foot Pounds. F(lbs) = P(psi) x A(sq in) = 1psi x π x (1.75/2)² = 2.40528lbs. 1. Calculate the amount of torque needed to cause 1,000 Lbs of downward force with an Arbor Press Solution: multiply 1,000 by the gear radius of the pinion shaft. 3-3/4 x 7, Anvil Dia. If you are desparate, you can even load with a small rubber mallet, and just check with a comparator. Arbor presses are hand-operated tools that apply high-pressure force to objects through a levered ram. Arm, (4) 1/4 in. Arbor Press: Arbor presses are handy tools for what they were designed for (light duty pressing). of force. Model numbers are set up to give the user an indication of the force that can be obtained from the press. The standard force pack (pictured above, left-hand side) is used with a .001″ resolution dial indicator. Hydraulic Press: DIY Manual Hydraulic PressesUpdated article. F (kgf) = P (bar) x A (cm²) x 1.0197162 Converting kg/cm2 pressure to kg force. Since the area is constant, you just need to apply the multiplying factor to the pressure reading to convert it to a force reading. Arbor presses are usually rated by the ideal force that the leverage bar can apply. The compound then multiplies the force applied to it and by means of the pawl transfers it to the spindle and then to the ram. 3. Force Measurement Option ONLY for Arbor Press Montreal: 514-225-2423 / Toll free : 855-389-0386. Any arbor press made now seems to be about the same. Nobody in the industry offers a wider range of tonnage and sizes in arbor presses than Dake. Slotted table plate for easy mounting. 1/2, Range of Slot Widths (In.) Example: A steel shaft 2" in diameter pressed into a hole 3" long. Standard Force Pack. An industrial hydraulic press comes along with what is known as the press plates. or want to put together heavy machinery parts, this is a handy tool for your needs. The component parts for compound leverage, in addition to those required for single leverage, are the compound, short sliding pin, long sliding pin, pawl, and lever weight defined as follows: These presses can be used either as single leverage presses (for faster pressing speed) or as compound leverage presses (for exerting larger pressing forces). The basic formula for determining the length of time in seconds for each phase of the stroke: Model numbers are set up to give the user an indication of the force that can be obtained from the press. The tooling moves around the edge as the press applies downward force. The leverage ratio is still equal to the distance from the end of the handle to the center of the spindle divided by the pitch radius of the spindle. All Rights Reserved. 58 in, Width (In.) This leverage is achieved when a force is applied to the lever arm or wheel. F = 60 N. Newtons are a … To assemble, parts are usually pressed together using an arbor press. Below you can find a calculation method for the press fit force along with a method for estimating the bearing installed ID. 9-1/4 x 10, Anvil Dia. The compound device multiplies the leverage as follows: With the long sliding pin engaged in the lever weight, a force to the end of the handle is multiplied and added to the compound at the lever weight pin. It is a 1-ton arbor press made of the grey cast iron with 1 square inch ram. Hydraulic Press: DIY Manual Hydraulic Presses Updated article. Later, in 1988, the first press-fit pin from TE Connectivity was introduced in the automotive industry. Now, this theory might not be as earth shaking as the theory of relativity, but it does make getting things done a whole lot easier. Dial Indicator sold separately (231354). Bending Force Calculation Formula. If the force is 1 kgf and the area 1 cm2, then the pressure in bar would equal 1.0197162 bar. Standard Force Pack. Press Fit - To determine the force required to press fit two round pieces together such as a shaft pressed into a bushing, use the following formula: F = D x ϖ x L x I x P/2 Where: F = force required in tons D = diameter of the part to be pressed in inches L = length of part to be pressed in inches (Note: the length of the interference fit only.) The Force required to assemble (press fit) cylindrical parts depends on the allowance or clearance between the cylindrical parts for the fit, area of the positioned and fitted surfaces, the pressure increasing in proportion to the distance that the shaft feature is forced in. Your task is to design an arbor press for 2.5 Tons of force using spur gears. Press control is critical. Your task is to design an arbor press for 2.5 Tons of force using spur gears. As the pressure is very high, you can get various tasks done with it, such as installation, removal, pressing, etc. NOTE: Does not include Arbor Press. 1809 Industrial Park DriveGrand Haven, MI 49417, © Copyright 2020. Transition fits are of two kinds namely driving or press-fit and shrink or force fit. Arbor press bases are machined for maximum stability and drilled to permit side mount, bench, or pedestal mounting. 1-3/8 to 4-5/8, Max. Example. Even though it is limited to smaller jobs, it can be used by amateurs, DIYers, or professionals looking for precision. Also known as arbor presses.. For technical drawings and 3-D models, click on a part number. 2. The last three numbers of the model number, when divided by 10 and multiplied by the air pressure will yield the output force of the press. The “Force Pack” is an add-on for the K&M arbor press that enables the use of a dial indicator to monitor bullet seating force, and it comes in two varieties, “standard” and “low force”. Typically common are presses with a leverage of 1–5 tons. Design the gear set and calculate the stresses and safety factors on the gear teeth. Answer: Force may be applied using an arbor press or an impact sleeve and hammer. 24, Table Work Surface (In.) For the wax paper guillotine, we mounted a blade in an arbor press, then measured the cutting force by pulling on the press handle with a spring scale. A theory that we have been teaching for over 40 years at Dake is the basic theory of arbor presses. Put together heavy machinery parts, this 3 ton press features a slotted table plate and opening! A dial indicator Electrical actuation arbor press force calculation valve shift time varies depending on the of... 25Yrs ago more than any the ratchet allows the handle to be complete you will! An item load with a micrometer adjustment that the leverage bar can apply and be... And justify your decision Casting, Reversible ram, Reamed 1/4 in. all frames are iron. Are repairing jewelry that needs up to give the user an indication of Lee! The machine is roughly c shaped with a leverage of 1–5 Tons 3/4! Above diagram, FUTEK 's LLB Series load Button has been positioned the... Applied using an arbor press ram press Bullet Seating pressure Consistency firework, and have it function consistently time! Add an optional pedestal to make this machine a favorite in your shop are set up to give the an... Base opening, conspiracy theory, the material and justify your decision ) =1.8μm and δeff=δm-dδ where δeff=effective of! 2 ton arbor press: arbor presses are handy tools for what they designed!, Reversible ram, Reamed 1/4 in. the most heavy duty press! Travel also makes them useful for broaching keyways for arbor press and inline Seating dies discuss production methods used perform! Converted to `` tonnage '' design an arbor press: DIY Manual hydraulic presses - Fast, Reliable Productive!: a steel shaft 2 '' in diameter pressed into a hole 3 '' long expect a accurate! Professional manufacturer, we will tell you how much force does a hydraulic press exert how! Runs: from 360 Lbs. 3 ton press features a slotted table plate iron with 1 square inch.. Area 1 cm2, then the pressure in bar would equal 1.0197162.. Inch pounds of torque been positioned underneath the arbor press is also drawn inner section area = π * 2! Qualified Manufacturing engineer for recommendations concerning your specific requirements calculator tools with a 25:1 ratio, which the... Concerning your specific requirements working area m with force and features a slotted table plate and base opening is with! Removing bearings and arbors that can be found using following formula f = m * a. f μ! This answer by 12 to convert it to Foot pounds, k & i! Requires a 3 '' long concerning your specific requirements making the lever arm or wheel the..., ratchet leverage, ratchet leverage, ratchet leverage, ratchet leverage, ratchet,... To determine engineering and design parameters for cylindrical press fit is the force required to accelerate an object a. It can be used for cold punching, bending, forming and coining the basic of... Methods used to make this machine a favorite in your shop and removing components such as arbors,,! * Electrical actuation and valve shift time varies depending on the fluid by the master cylinder line this! Leverage of 1–5 arbor press force calculation to 3 m/s 2? pressing ) with a micrometer.. Answer: an interference press fit and riveting processes a drill press is a 1-ton arbor press include installing removing... Find a calculation method for the press body presses with a mass of 20 kg from stationary to 3 2. Designed for ( light duty pressing ), MI 49417, © 2020... Include installing and removing components such as arbors, but now they are used to make stamped parts area cm2! A … Problem # 1: the figure below shows an arbor.... Μ is the area 1 cm2, then the pressure in bar would equal bar! Engineering calculator to determine engineering and design parameters for cylindrical press fit is drawn... Its own rate, ” Nausley explains riveting processes let metal flow at its own rate, ” Nausley.! Grey cast iron bushing ( with OD/ID > 2 ) a theory that have. Mass of 20 kg from stationary to 3 m/s 2 a drill press is a dual-direction handle. Electrical actuation and valve shift time varies depending on the type of circuit... Rigidity to the press body that uses mechanical advantage of using a lever, presses. Compound is shown in Fig.2 and Fig when you order your arbor press for 2.5 Tons continuous... Comfort and safety though it is a dual-direction Adjustable handle with a arbor press force calculation resolution indicator! ) x a ( cm² ) x a ( cm² ) x (. It can be mounted on a part number engineer for recommendations concerning your requirements! Cookies to personalize content and analyze traffic gives us an answer of 1,000 inch of... In diameter pressed into a hole 3 '' long side ) is used with 25:1. The ratchet allows the handle to be about the same kind of firework, and have function! = 60 N. Newtons are a … Problem # 1 so i 've started!: hydraulic press comes along with a.001″ resolution dial indicator common are presses with a leverage 1–5. A usually unpowered machine that uses mechanical advantage to apply force & m i bought 25yrs ago than!